Compare and contrast the idea of Descartes and Kant on epistemology Essay

Compare and contrast the idea of Descartes and Kant on epistemology - Essay Example Descrates’ definition of knowledge is, however, specific to scientific knowledge and certainty is defined, in the theorist’s perspective, as absence of doubt. With cognition as the fundamental to scientific knowledge, two levels of certainty on cognition are identified to define knowledge. With absolute level of certainty, no single doubt exists that an alternative idea or subject can be found while moral level of certainty involves conviction on a subject even with the knowledge that the subject could be false. Moral certainty however identifies possible doubt and according to Descrates, does not therefore define knowledge.1 Kant’s idea on epistemology is based on three factors that further identify opinion and faith. People’s affirmative decisions exist in three levels that distinguish between knowledge, faith, and opinion. There is a subjective basis to affirmation and an objective cause. Affirmation that is devoid of conviction, when conviction is not sufficient, is based on opinion. however, subjective factors to affirmation may be sufficient but a person lacks objective basis. Under the circumstance, affirmation is based on faith and not on opinion. Sufficiency of both subjective and objective factors into affirmation defines existence of knowledge. Opinion and faith are therefore, and according to Kant, elements of knowledge in which sufficient objectivity defines opinion while sufficient subjectivity defines faith and existence of both opinion and faith defines knowledge.2 Theories of Kant and Descrates identify both similarities and differences. The two ideas converge to existence of knowledge beyond definitions because experiences and observations inform certainty. In addition, Kant discusses sufficiency of subjectivity and objectivity as essentials of knowledge and such sufficiency are consistent with Descrates’ ideas of levels of

The advantages of the nursing profession to any society Essay

The advantages of the nursing profession to any society - Essay Example Healthcare is a priority for any society that appreciates the welfare of her citizens,and the role of the professional nurse in the quality of healthcare is crucial.However,not all societies appreciate the important role that the nurse plays in qualitative and effective healthcare delivery system.The purpose of this research is to document the cost implications of the absence of solid and working professional nursing community in any society,using community nursing as a yardstick.The research study will make use of a survey questionnaire to collect data from consenting subjects that shall include the elderly with frailty or other patients with special needs and long term admission in hospital settings,and professional nurses that have had several years of experience with special need patients.The consent of the subjects shall be sought before the questionnaire is administered on them and the confidentiality of the subjects maintained.Human subject approval will also be obtained from the School of Nursing.Descriptive statistics and correlational statistics will be used to analyse the data collected to determine the perception of nursing in the community and the perceived cost of long term hospital admission.It is hoped that the results of this study would make the government and healthcare professional redesign the healthcare system around a professional nursing community as is obtained in several developed countries where the roles of the nurse in qualitative healthcare delivery have been appreciated.... As if that is not enough, nurses are known to advocate for health promotion, educate patients and the public on the prevention of illness and injury, provide care and assist in cure, participate in rehabilitation, and provide support. No other healthcare professional can reasonable make claims to such a complex and far reaching role in healthcare delivery (Lenburg, 1999; Importance of Nursing, 2006). Nurses do more than care for individuals. They have always have been at the forefront of change in health care and public health, they provide ongoing assessment of people's health. Their round-the-clock presence, observation skills, and vigilance allow doctors to make better diagnoses and propose better treatments. Many lives have been saved because an attentive nurse picked upon early warning signs of an upcoming crisis like cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. According to Thomson (1997), the role of the professional nurse goes beyond the carrying out of tasks usually associated with the profession, especially in countries where the role of the nurse has not been fully appreciated, neither is the nurse restricted to just 'caring' for the patient. She argued that every professional nurse is taught and mandated to act always in such a manner as to: safeguard and promote the interests of individual patients and clients; serve the interests of society, justify public trust and confidence and uphold and enhance the good standing and reputation of the professions One important aspect of nursing that greatly affects the quality of life of any society is community nursing, also referred to as visiting homecare nursing.

Australian Indigenous Education in Modern Life Essay

Australian Indigenous Education in Modern Life - Essay Example There was also much concern over high unemployment rates in some ethnic communities, largely a result of economic recession and the decline of the manufacturing sector, which had previously provided a substantial portion of migrant jobs (Castles et al., 1986; O'Loughlin and Watson, 1997; VEAC, 1983, 1984). Since the late 1980s, discussions about the apparent success of professional and business migrants have supplanted the discourse of migrant disadvantage. As a result of the Federal government's increasing emphasis on credentials and skills in the migration programme, migrants' human capital endowments have increased, apparently resulting in higher labour force participation rates and better employment outcomes. The government argues that migration is more economically efficient than ever before, with migrants adding to government coffers rather than becoming a drain on the public purse (Ruddock, 2003). Contemporary academic research on migrant employment experiences neatly undersco res governmental discourses on migration policy. It is dominated by studies presenting a 'success story' narrative of recent, mostly highly skilled, migrants achieving increasingly positive outcomes in the Australian labour market. These are generally economic, quantitative studies based on the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA) (Cobb-Clark, 2000, 2001; Cobb-Clark and Chapman, 1999; Richardson et al., 2001, 2002; VandenHeuvel and Wooden, 1999, 2000). The LSIA, commissioned by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA), surveyed migrants about their settlement experiences during their first years in Australia. LSIA1 targeted migrants entering Australia between September 1993 and August 1995, surveying them three times: six months (wave 1), 18 months (wave 2) and three and a half years (wave 3) after arrival. LSIA2 targeted migrants entering Australia between September 1999 and August 2000, surveying them twice: six months (wave 1 ) and 18 months (wave 2) after arrival (see DIMIA, 2002, for more information about the LSIA). Weighted data were used in the analyses for this article to offset the attrition rate in the sample over the three waves. These studies continue a dominant tradition within social science research on migration, namely an approach derived from human capital theory. Essentially an 'application of neo-classical economics to labour markets' (Wooden, 1994: 220), human capital theory has become the prevailing wisdom within academic and business circles for explaining the economic success of individuals, firms and nations. Human capital theory emerged in the 1970s in the writings of economists such as Mincer (1974) and Becker (1975) to explain differences in individual earnings. Income was treated as a function of workers' investment in marketable skills, particularly in the form of training. Individuals were seen as making rational choices about investments in education and training that would i ncrease their productivity and thereby deliver suitable returns to them once evaluated on the market (see Blaug, 1976: 830). Applied to immigrants, as Wooden (1994: 220) notes, the theory proposes that 'differences in pay, occupational status, probability of employment, and so forth, between immigrants and natives reflect differences in the average

Comparison between the way the Europeans treated the Native Americans Essay

Comparison between the way the Europeans treated the Native Americans and the Africans before the 20th century - Essay Example The Europeans began to disregard the hospitality and respect accorded to them by the Native Americans and went ahead to display their insatiable greed for their valued resources and land hence treating them arrogantly. As a result, the Europeans commenced a series of brutal attacks as they invaded the Native Americans’ land and resources. Need to conquer the Native Americans made the Europeans increase their troops in this land (91). As such, this appears to be the reason as to why Kevin Reilly terms their flow to America as â€Å"stars in heaven†. Apart from treating the Native Americans with arrogance attitude, the Europeans also discriminated against the American Indians. According to Reilly, the explorers and colonialists brought in devastating diseases such as small pox, measles, and yellow fever, among others, which diminished and annihilated drastically the entire Native American population. Under this spectrum, the Europeans sought to remove the Native Americans by slaughtering them ferociously, a factor that led to the worst massacre through the enactment of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and 1890 (164). In this case, the Europeans treated Native Americans as primitive and resilient. This treatment led to the removal of Native Americans from their homes, starvation, and exposure as well as illnesses that aimed at reducing them in numbers. Additionally, the Europeans treated Native Americans with suspicion hence took away their children to schools where they civilized them and ensured that they did not value their customs and traditions. With reference to archival researches as well as academic studies, the Europeans treated both the Native Americans and the Africans almost the same with Africans facing a greater deal of racial discrimination (202). This is so because the Europeans discriminated against Native Americans and Africans on a racial basis and civility. Ideally, the Europeans treated Native Americans as non-civilized beings and as such reduced them by killing them and drawing them into reservations and thereafter taking their children to schools in order to end their belief s and customs. On the other end, Europeans treated Africans as inferior. For three centuries, the Europeans traded Africans as slaves simply because they believed Africans were inferior. The Europeans believed that the continent of Africa was dark and the people living in it were illiterate. Due to their limited information, the Europeans portrayed them as childish and warlike. European explorers saw Africans as savages shaped by their activities, which included hunting and gathering. In addition, Europeans treated Africans with barbarism since they believed that the African soil was fertile, and the climate made it possible for Africans to have â€Å"tropical abundance† hence become lazy due to fatness. In this regard, the Europeans tr

Simulation Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Simulation Analysis - Essay Example Since Quasar is the sole participant in the marketplace they have just created for themselves a monopoly market structure. The first three rounds of the simulation discuss strategic decision during the first three years of operation. In 2003 the company needs to determine the optimum price for the product. As the CEO of the company I have a team of executive that is going to help me along in the process. My team is composed of four members in three functional areas: marketing, finance, technology, and outside marketing consultant. Keeping the lines of communication open among a team of businesspeople is essential in order to manage an operation in an efficient manner (Kotler, 2002). The decision I made was to set the price of the Neutron computer at $2,550. At this price the volume of sales was 5.3 million units and the net profit of the company is $1.29 billion. If I increase the price from the optimum price point volume decreases as well as profits. On the hand if I decrease the price from my optimum price point of $2,550 volume increases a bit but profit go down. My primary objective was to find the best mix that optimizes the profitability of the company. The second round of the simulation takes me to year 2004. The company I’m running is a monopoly player. In a monopoly the firm has control price, but it is not immune to the law of supply and demand (Varian, 2003). The demand curve is downward sloping which means at higher prices the demand of the product decreases. Two of my executive Robert (marketing vice-president) and Janet (Finance vice-president) have different perspective on how to achieve greater growth. The issue was the marketing budget and whether an increase or decrease from the 2003 $400 million budget would affect the demand for the product. Janet suggested a low figure of $100- 200 million in marketing expenses. It seemed as if she was thinking like an accountant or

Critical Review of Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Review of Nokia - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that decreasing the dependency ratios of the elderly people within the rural municipalities, the project also aims to facilitate in the delivery of better health services and assuring a sustained economic growth. The project, which includes both a literature review on the issue, and an evaluation of the present conditions through discussions, questionnaires, and interviews, will help us to understand the subject matter better by giving us a clear insight into the Finnish health care system, and the use of the technological innovations within this sector. The research question, suitably framed, takes into account the elderly population and the medical services in rural Finland, examines the entire field of medicine and innovative technology. The basic motivation behind this project is the viability of the Health book, is an â€Å"easy to use online medical networking service aimed at senior citizens, communities, hospitals and doctors†. The elderly population living within rural communities will benefit from this online health service by getting direct access to medical and social support without having to go out of their houses. The hypotheses that says ‘quality performing telecommunication connections and broadband accessibility make it possible for people in rural areas to live and work despite long distances’   is measurable both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitatively the data can be collected through theoretical studies of books, journals, and articles on the relationship between improved health ca re facilities, and innovative technologies and communications.  

Governments Crime Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Governments Crime Strategy - Essay Example These programs only started when people started to realize that arrest and punishment was not the only way out of crimes because punishment can only be awarded when a person has already committed a crime. To cut off the roots of crime it is essential to stop the crime from being committed and this is what exactly the motive of these programs is. One such program launched by the government on 29th November 1999 is set to tackle all the problems suffered by the general public. The new Crime Reduction Strategy set out by the government is set to remove all the problems of crime happening in the UK. Different approaches of handling crime are given out by this strategy which is aimed at lowering the crime rates in accordance to their level. Furthermore this strategy is bound to apply to all the major departments in which the crime rate is high. The major point of this strategy is that the government is also urging the local authorities to help them in curbing the crime. This strategy has been well thought and researched, however on the contrary loopholes can still be viewed in the government's policy. This essay would further describe the short comings of the strategy with accordance to its implementations and approaches. The Governments Crime Reduction Strategy aims to reduce all the crime happenings in the UK. To do this firstly they aim to raise the performance of the police and Crime & Disorder reduction partnership. The policy has set out particular points and invested a hefty amount of budget to bring up the forces together. However in my view the problem with raising the performance is that proper research has not be done in regard to both these units. The research which should have been done would show as to in which areas are these forces lacking and as to how these areas should be met according to the requirements of the forces. Similarly the policy tends to provide both these units with an adequate number of officers but do not lay down a plan to collaborate with the local authorities. To curb out crime it is necessary that the authorities have a strong hold over the local authorities who can inform the forces about the wrongs of the area. Similarly the corruption inside the forces itself is not laid down by the policy and the corruption (if there is any) might prevail even after the proposed initiatives of the plan. The force should not only be trained properly but should be given experience by keeping the trainees at different levels. They should be given expertise by the senior executives who have already gone through the situations of crime. A DNA database would not resolve all the issues of vehicle tracking and burglary, innovative measures such as closed circuit television systems should be installed to avoid burglaries to happen. The main aim of the strategy is to reduce burglary and property crime, however other crimes such as killing and knife crime is also common in the areas. The strategy should not be oriented towards certain crimes but it should target all the crimes which are happening in the areas. Similarly the assumption that if the manufacturers produce good quality products for housing purposes then the burglaries would lower down is wrong. As the burglars usually tend to track down the housing make and then commit the act. Similarly increasing the punishments for committing a crime is not a necessary step which would greatly lower the crime rates, but at times it can even provoke the punished one to commit even serious